孙久文:区域经济韧性研究进展和在中国应用的探索(下)

来源: 发布时间:2018-01-19 浏览量:21

来源:经济地理

4 区域经济韧性在中国应用的探索

4.1 国内区域经济韧性研究

相比国外,国内对区域经济韧性研究的重视程度不足,现有研究以文献评述为主,如胡晓辉[39]、彭翀[40]、苏杭[41]等,并且这些评述的内容基本都是国外区域经济韧性研究第一阶段的内容,对近几年国外各类深入研究的成果缺少关注。相关的实证研究很少,且研究方法并不成熟,张岩等采用DEA方法对中国各省的区域韧性进行了探索性的评估[70];符文颖等用案例分析的方法研究了后危机时代珠三角电子产业集群的发展和转型,结果显示人力资本和技术的积累,有助于区域经济的创新转型[71]

4.2 区域经济韧性应用于中国的探索

近年来东北地区陷入经济增长失速的困境,振兴东北成为社会各界关注的热点,有关原因和对策的研究很多,而区域经济韧性概念提供了新的视角来研究这一问题。区域锁定是区域经济韧性研究框架中常见的概念,Grabher[72]定义了三种区域锁定的类型:功能型锁定(functional lock-in)、认知型锁定(cognitive lock-in)、政治型锁定(political lockin)。东北的问题在于,同时存在三种类型的锁定,导致经济韧性很差,具体分析如下。

功能型锁定有关企业层级结构和大小企业间的联系。东北作为老工业基地,规模庞大的重工业国企在地方经济占据绝对主导地位,且同外部小企业联系很少,压榨了其他企业的生存空间。但小企业的多元化和创新活力恰恰是未来经济转型的动力源泉,东北地区国企“一家独大”的结构导致区域缺少所谓的技术知识跨界搜寻能力(boundary span⁃ning),经济韧性差。在重工业出现行业性危机的背景下,大型国企转型和开拓新市场的能力都不足,难以克服危机。

认知型锁定指人们形成的一种共同认知,将自身发展的困局归因于外界客观因素。东北地区从官员到普通民众有一种常见的观点是,过去东北的资源供给全国使用,为全国经济发展作出了突出贡献,如今东北被国家“抛弃”,这才面临衰落的困局,需要国家提供财政补贴和政策扶持。部分东北人有昔日作为“共和国长子”的自豪感,不认为今天的经济失速有自身原因,一味将其他地区的增长归因于中央的政策扶持。此外,东北地区很多人进入体制内工作的意识浓厚。这种社会文化氛围,无疑会限制当地的经济活力和发展潜力,不利于长期经济发展。

政治型锁定指地方政策和制度环境阻碍了区域资源的重新整合。行政力量在东北经济发展中扮演非常重要的角色,以重工业为主的城市,GDP、税收、就业等往往高度依赖于少数几家企业,地方政府出于政绩考核等因素倾向于为大企业提供更多服务和优惠,在行业拐点出现后,不但不推进经济结构转型,反而会集中资源维持支柱产业的正常运转,以致产能过剩愈发严重,积重难返。另外,地方政府官员任职大型国企高管在东北地区比较常见,这也导致当地复杂的政企关系和权力寻租现象出现,进一步强化了大型企业的地位,阻碍了潜在经济转型和资源重新整合的可能。

每个地区都在一定程度上存在区域锁定的风险,但东北地区面临的是三重区域锁定,因此摆脱困境的难度很大。东北地区由于较强的区域锁定,经济韧性差,在作为区域支柱产业的重工业整体下滑的背景下,无力实现产业转型和资源重组。振兴东北的关键要打破区域锁定,恢复韧性。其中,产业结构的调整是一个长期的过程,绝非一日之功。首先要做的是改善制度和政策环境,减少行政干预,营造对中小微企业更友好的环境。其次要培育更具企业家精神的社会文化,使市场经济观念深入人心,并注重人力资本的积累。

事实上,真正区域经济韧性好的地区,其产业转型和复兴的过程往往是悄然完成的(quiet re⁃structuring)。深圳是中国区域经济韧性非常好的城市,曾经深圳以出口加工业为主导产业快速发展,同时形成了多元化的产业结构、充满活力的创业氛围和服务型政府,这些因素确保深圳面对外部冲击时有很强的抵御能力和复苏能力。在出口加工业衰落和两次金融危机的冲击下,深圳的经济增长基本没有受到大的挫折,并能够迅速走上更高质量的发展路径。今天,深圳已经形成以互联网产业、金融业等高附加值产业为主导的全新经济结构,并且能从容应对可能发生的经济波动。

基金项目:国家社会科学基金重大项目(10ZD&023)

作者简介:孙久文(1956—),男,北京人,博士,教授,博士生导师。主要研究方向为区域经济。E-mail:sunjw@ruc.edu.cn。

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